Diasporako sareen garrantzia diplomazia publikoan: euskal kasua aztergai

Maialen Goirizelaia; Patricia Barrón San Blas

doi:10.26876/uztaro5548

Authors

Maialen Goirizelaia Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9478-1503
Patricia Barrón San Blas University of the Basque Country https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8659-5011

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26876/uztaro5548

Keywords:

Diaspora, Basque diaspora, Public diplomacy, Diaspora diplomacy, Diaspora strategy, Diaspora networks

Abstract

Diaspora networks serve as intermediaries that connect the homeland with its diaspora. Across the globe, numerous diaspora networks exist, and the connections they foster enable the emergence of diverse forms of relationships, many of which are transnational in nature. Transnationalism refers to the ways in which individuals and institutions establish ties that transcend the geographical, cultural, and political boundaries of nation-states. In the Basque context, diaspora networks have similarly been formed, giving rise to transnational relationships. This analysis will examine, on the one hand, organically and informally developed diaspora networks—those which, though not explicitly labeled as such, have played a significant role in the development of transnational connections. On the other hand, it will also consider networks initiated by institutions, associations, and governmental bodies. In both cases, the study will explore how and for what purposes these networks emerged, concluding with key reflections regarding their future prospects.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Maialen Goirizelaia, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

Maialen Goirizelaia is an Associate professor in the Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising. In 2019, she presented her doctoral thesis titled "Diasporas in International Relations: Communication and Transnational Relations between the Basque Country and Basques in the United States." Since then, she has published several articles and research papers in journals such as Diaspora Studies, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Revista Latina, and Communication & Society. She is a member of the following research groups and projects: the consolidated research group BITARTEZ (Type A) (IT1771-22), the research project JOSAFCON (Journalist Safety Research Project), and the university-business-society project APPLIKA+.

Patricia Barrón San Blas , University of the Basque Country

Patricia Barron-San Blas, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). She is a predoctoral researcher in the Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising at UPV/EHU. Her research focuses on the analysis of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the application of emerging technologies such as Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality. She is a member of the BITARTEZ research group and the JOSAFCON (Journalist Safety Research Project), funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2021-122680NB-I00).

References

Aikins, K., & White, N. (2011). Global diaspora strategies toolkit. Impress Printing Works. https://thenetworkinginstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Diaspora-Toolkit-Book.pdf

Bellotti, E. (2014). Qualitative networks: mixed methods in sociological research. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203837122

Bieter, J.P. (1994). Basques, basque-americans, american-basques: Three generations in Boise, Idaho. Thesis dissertation, Boise State University.

Bieter, J., & Bieter, M. (2003). An enduring legacy: The story of basques in idaho. University of Nevada Press.

Brubaker, R. (2000). Accidental diasporas and external «homelands» in central and eastern europe: Past and present. IHS Political Science Series 71, October 2000. https://aei.pitt.edu/32402/1/1208853582_pw_71.pdf

Brubaker, R. (2005). The ‘diaspora’ diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1), 1-19. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/0141987042000289997?needAccess=true

Butler, K.D. (2001). Defining diaspora, refining a discourse. Diaspora: a journal of transnational studies, 10(2), 189-219. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/388942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.2011.0014

Calzada, I. (2024). Blockchain-driven digital nomadism in the Basque e-Diaspora. Globalizations, 21(5), 777-802. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14747731.2023.2271216?needAccess=true DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2271216

Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 302-338. https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/can.1994.9.3.02a00040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1994.9.3.02a00040

Cohen, R. (1996). Diasporas and the nation-state: from victims to challengers. International affairs, 72(3), 507-520. https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/72/3/507/2471481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2625554

Cruset, M.E. (2008). Para-diplomacia y diáspora: el tema de las asociaciones, liderazgo y toma de decisiones. IV Congreso de Relaciones Internacionales (La Plata, 2008). https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/40680

Elo, M., Minto-Coy, I., Silva, S.C.E., & Zhang, X. (2020). Diaspora networks in international marketing: how do ethnic products diffuse to foreign markets? European Journal of International Management, 14(4), 693-729. https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/EJIM.2020.107606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2020.107606

Eusko Jaurlaritza (2000). Euskadi Munduan eraikitzen, Kanpoan diren Euskal Gizataldeen Mundu Batzarra. Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia.

Eusko Jaurlaritza (2003). Aurrera goaz, Kanpoan diren Euskal Gizataldeen Mundu Batzarra. Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia.

Eusko Jaurlaritza (2008). Zubigintzan, Kanpoan diren Euskal Gizataldeen Mundu Batzarra. Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia.

Georgiou, M. (2006). Diaspora, identity and the media: Diasporic transnationalism and mediated spatialities. New York: Hampton Press.

Gilboa, E. (2001). Diplomacy in the media age: three models of uses and effects. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 12(2),1-28. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592290108406201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592290108406201

Goirizelaia, M. (2019). Diasporak nazioarteko harremanetan: Komunikazioa eta harreman transnazionalak euskal herriaren eta estatu batuetan diren euskaldunen artean. Doctoral Dissertation, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/42440/TESIS_GOIRIZELAIA_ALTUNA_MAIALEN.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Goirizelaia, M., & Iturregui, L. (2018). From cultural showcases to public diplomacy agents: Basque-American festivals in the United States. Diaspora Studies, 1-17.

Ho, E.L., & Mcconnell, F. (2017). Conceptualizing ‘diaspora diplomacy’ territory and populations betwixt the domestic and foreign. Progress in Human Geography, 0309132517740217. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f547e12-d8f2-424d-9c15-4100e192df7c/files/m404210b9b36f10e18377b3e1845e5d63

Hollstein, B. (2011). Qualitative approaches. The SAGE handbook of social network analysis, 404-416. https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.4135%2F9781446294413.n27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446294413.n27

Ionescu, D. (2006). Engaging diasporas as development partners for home and destination countries: Challenges for policymakers. International Organization for Migration Geneva. https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl2616/files/2018-07/MRS26.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/3613e04a-en

Karim, K.H. (2003). The media of diaspora. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203380642/media-diaspora-karim-karim DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203380642

Kanpoko etxe berria: Emigración vasca a América, S. XIX-XX = Home away from home I (2001). Euskal Arkeologia, Etnografia eta Kondaira Museoa.

Kenny, K. (2013). Diaspora: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199858583.001.0001

Kennedy, L. (Argtz.) (2022). Routledge international handbook of diaspora diplomacy. Taylor & Francis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003031468

Kuznetsov, Y. (2006). Diaspora networks and the international migration of skills: How countries can draw on their talent abroad. World Bank Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6647-9

Levitt, P. (2001). The transnational villagers. University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520926707

Menjívar, C. (2000). Fragmented ties: Salvadoran immigrant networks in America. University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520924376

Meyer, J.B., & Brown, M. (1999). Scientific diasporas: A new approach to the brain drain. Management of Social Transformations (MOST) Programme. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000116330

Mignaburu, M., & Legarreta, J. (2016). Somos vasco-argentinos. recuperación de la memoria histórica. Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzua. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=769075

Newland, K., & Plaza, S. (2013). What we know about diasporas and economic development. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/Diasporas-EconomicDevelopment.pdf

Noy, J (2006). Una diplomacia pública para España. Real Instituto Elcano, Imagen Exterior de España y Opinión Pública, 11, uztaila. https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/memoria-anual-elcano-2006.pdf

Noya, J. (2006). The symbolic power of nations. Place branding, 2(1), 53-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990045

Noya, J. (2006). Inmigración y diplomacia pública. Boletín Elcano, (86), 5. https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/memoria-anual-elcano-2006.pdf

Nye, J.S. (2008). Soft power: the means to success in world politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004).

Oiarzabal de Cuadra, A.M., & Oiarzabal de Cuadra, P.J. (2005). La identidad vasca en el mundo: Narrativas sobre identidad más allá de las fronteras. Erroteta. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318795189_La_Identidad_Vasca_en_el_Mundo_Narrativas_sobre_Identidad_mas_alla_de_Fronteras#fullTextFileContent

Oiarzabal, P.J. (2005). Basque Ethno-diasporas and Trasnational Spaces in the Nineteenth-Century America.

Oiarzabala, P., Coles, K., & Tracy, A. (Argtz.) (2007). A Candle in the Night: Basque Studies at the University of Nevada: 1967-2007. University of Nevada Press.

Olabuénaga, J.I. (1996). El diseño cualitativo. Metodología de la investigación cualitativa. Universidad de Deusto, 64.

Ponzanesi, S. (2020). Digital diasporas: Postcoloniality, media and affect. Interventions, 22(8), 977-993. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1369801X.2020.1718537 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2020.1718537

Rana, K.S. (2009). India’s Diaspora Diplomacy. The Hague journal of diplomacy, 4(3), 361-372. https://kishanrana.diplomacy.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/HJD-Diaspora-Oct09.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187119109X455955

Rana, K.S. (2014). Diaspora diplomacy and public diplomacy. In Relational, networked and collaborative approaches to public diplomacy (70-85. or.). Routledge.

Ray, N.M., & Bieter, J.P. (2015). ‘It broadens your view of being Basque’: identity through history, branding, and cultural policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 21(3), 241-257. https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=marketing_facpubs DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2014.923416

Safran, W. (1999). Comparing diasporas: a review essay. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 8(3), 255-291. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/444282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1999.0002

Safran, W. (2004). Deconstructing and comparing diasporas. In Diaspora, identity and religion (19-40. or.). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203401057-4/deconstructing-comparing-diasporas-william-safran DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203401057-4

Schiller, N.G., Basch, L., & Blanc, C.S. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theorizing transnational migration. Anthropological quarterly, 48-63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3317464?origin=crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3317464

Sheffer (2003). 9. or. in Brubaker, R. (2005). The ‘diaspora’diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1), 1-19. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0141987042000289997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000289997

Totoricaguena, G.P. (2000). Comparing the Basque Diaspora: Ethnonationalism, Transnationalism and Identity Maintenance in Argentina, AUStralia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay. Thesis dissertation. London School of Economics. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46518355.pdf

Tötöylan, K. (2012); Diasporas Studies. Past, present and promise. Working Papers. International Mmigration Institute; University of Oxford, 8. or. https://www.migrationinstitute.org/publications/wp-55-12

Vertovec, S. (1994). Multicultural, Multi-Asian, Multi-Muslim leicester: Dimensions of social complexity, ethnic organization and local government interface. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 7(3), 259-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.1994.9968408

Vertovec, S. (2000). The hindu diaspora: Comparative patterns. Routledge.

Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism. Routledge Vertovec, 1999. https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/1828477/mod_resource/content/1/Vertovec_2009_Transnationalism.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203927083